Aiming at the identification of Chinese fine-grained implicit discourse relation and taking the directionality characteristic in account, the authors propose a feature learning algorithm based on the distant supervision to label explicit discourse data automatically. The relative position information between conjunction and words are applied to train the intensive word representation. Then the rhetorical function of words and the directionality of relations are encoded into the representation of intensive words, which is applied to the relation classification of fine-grained implicit discourses. From the experimental studies of the proposed approach, the classification accuracy reaches 49.79%, which are better than those approaches neglecting the directionality of discourse relations.

Nested named entities relationship extraction research lacks corresponding benchmark corpora. To solve this problem, manual annotation with machine learning are combined to extract their semantic relationships from an existing Chinese named entity recognition corpus. The authors manually annotate a Chinese nested named entity relation corpus from existing Chinese named entity recognition and conduct experiments with relation extraction between nested named entities via support vector machines (SVM) and convolutional neural network (CNN) models respectively. The experimental results show that the nested entity relation extraction performs excellently on the corpus with manually labeled entities, obtaining an F1 score of over 95%, while it falls short of expectations with automatically recognized entities.

A mixed-monotonic capacitor switching scheme which can provide stable common-mode voltage (Vcm) without any additional voltage regulator and compensation capacitor array is proposed for the successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital (ADC). The proposed scheme contains two equal amplitude but opposite monotonicity switched capacitor arrays, the stabilization of the common mode voltage is achieved with self-complementation of the differential voltage. Based on this technique, a 10-bit 50 MS/s prototype is designed in CMOS 0.18 μm technology. A window opening SAR logic is used to reduce the transmission time from the comparator out to DAC control signal. An adaptive delay chain is used in the comparator loop to reduce the conversion time of lower bit in the SAR ADC. Measurement result shows that the SAR ADC can achieve a SNDR equal to 57.31 dB, and INL and DNL are equal to 1.81 LSB and 0.98 LSB respectively.

The two kinds of generalized gradient systems are proposed and the characteristics of the two systems are studied. The conditions under which the Nielsen equations can be considered as one of the two generalized gradient systems are obtained. The characteristics of the generalized gradient systems can be used to study the stability of solution of the Nielsen equations. Some examples are given to illustrate the application of the results.

Using the matrix expression form of computer vision projection equation, the collinear equation is constructed into matrix equation. With the projection matrix element as a composite function, this paper realizes the unification derivation of each variable of the collinear equation based on the matrix analysis method. Compared with the traditional analytical method of linearization, the form of matrix analysis process is quite succinct and easy to understand, which can be used to the numerical solution of linear library application. For the various construction form of the rotation matrix, this method has better adaptability. The constructed matrix of collinear equation has important enlightenment significance for using computer vision method.

Based on logarithmic mean weigh division index method (LMDI), empirical mode decomposition method (EMD) and variance decomposition model (VDM), the evolutive trend and fluctuation characteristics of corn production in China during 1978–2012 was analyzed. The contribution difference to corn output fluctuation during eight grain production regions was revealed. The following results were obtained. Corn output increased by 1.50×10⁸ ton from 1978 to 2012, and the corn production advantage in Huang-Huai-Hai region and Northeast Region in China was further highlighted. It was estimated that the accumulated contribution values of corn sowing area and corn yield per hectare at national scale were 0.79×10⁸ ton and 0.71×10⁸ ton respectively, and corn sowing area was the major contributor to the increment of corn output. The residual trend of corn output showed a trend of gradual increase and the grain output has 3-year periodic oscillation. During the eight grain production regions in China, Huang-Huai-Hai Region played the prominent role in the total fluctuation, following by the Northeast Region and Loess Plateau Region. The self-fluctuations in the three regions and their positively mutual affect were the main factors of China’s corn output fluctuation, including Huang-Huai-Hai Region, Northeast Region and Loess Plateau Region in China. For the high contribution ratio and drastic change, more attention should be paid to Huang-Huai-Hai Region and Northeast Region in China.

Based on the annotation of discourse connective in Chinese Discourse Treebank, especially the annotation of the connective and its relation classification. The authors extract syntax, lexical and position features of automatic syntax tree and standard syntax tree, and use supervised method to recognize and classify connective. Experimental results show that connective recognition F1-measure is 69.2%, and connective classification accuracy is 89.1%.

Utilizing land cover change (LCC) information together with monthly average air temperature record of 295 meteorological stations densely-scattered in eastern China, sensitivity of regional air temperature of meteorological stations to LCC is explored from 1979 to 2010. Results reveal that area of grassland decreases dramatically with that of urban skyrocketing as well as obvious enlargement in forest area. The annual temperature trend ranges from -0.2 to 0.9℃/10a, averaged 0.38℃/10a, which differs among stations characterized by various land covers, indicating a decreasing trend from urban to cropland to grassland to forest to water. The impact of LCC on air temperature is collaboratively driven by land covers around stations. Though it is not exactly the only causative factor of regional warming, LCC does affect temperature variation profoundly.

According to Tsinghua Chinese Treebank annotation methods, the authors extracted relation words and marked their categories. Then syntax, lexical and position features of automatic syntax tree with and without functional marker were extracted to recognize and classify relation words. Experiment results show that relative recognition accuracy is 95.7%, and relation words classification F1 is 77.2%.

The authors use a self-built Chinese Discourse Treebank (80% relations are implicit) to recognize implicit relations. In this corpus, discourse relations are divided into three layers, the first layer has four types: causality, coordination, transition and explanation. Based on this corpus, maximum entropy classifier is employed to identify four types relations with context, lexical and dependency parse features. Experimental results show that total accuracy is 62.15% and the identification effect of coordination is the best, F1 reaches 75.26%.

The present study is based on ammonoids collected from the strata above the ammonoid Trachyceras multituberculatum zone of Wayao Member of “Falang Formation” (Late Triassic) at the Niubudai Section in Luoping County, Eastern Yunnan Province. Eight species of four genera, including one conform species and three indeterminate species were recognized, among which Trachyceras aonoides, Simonyceras simonyi are firstly found in China. According to their assemblage and stratigraphic distribution, two ammonoid zones were recognized in ascending order: Trachyceras aonoides Zone, Austrotrachyceras triadicum Zone, corresponding to the middle-late Early Carnian of Late Triassic in age.

Lu₂O₃:Eu³⁺ nanocrystals with various shapes, such as nanorods, nanosheets, and nanoparticles, were synthesized by a hydrothermal approach only through adjusting the pH values of the precursor solutions. The prepared Lu₂O₃:Eu³⁺ nanocrystals were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and fluorescence lifetime (FL). With decreasing the samples sizes from nanorods to nanosheets and finally to nanoparticles, the photoluminescence intensity decreases drastically. It is attributed to the gradual increase of OH^- content, which attaches to the surface of nanocrystals, accelerates the nonradiative relaxation and thus lowers the luminescent efficiency. Moreover, the gradually enhanced 624 nm emission line and the continuously extended long excited tails of the charge transfer bands at the long wavelength side, which all originate from the Eu³⁺ ions at or near the surface, are also observed in Lu₂O₃:Eu³⁺ nanocrystals.

According to the task of Chinese discourse analysis and practice, combined with traditional study, the authors propose clause as basic discourse unit and give its definition from the structure, function, form etc. The authors analyse the relationship between the comma and clause, and research clause identification using comma on annotation corpus. The corpus labeled whether each comma can be regarded as clause boundary information extract from CTB6.0, and have total of 2171 commas in 1348 sentences. The authors extract syntax, vocabulary, length features for experiment, and clauses identification accuracy can reach 90%. Nine greatest contribution features are chosen by information gain, they can obtain high clauses identification accuracy. Finally only using morphology feature, the accuracy can reach 84.5%. Experiments show that the definition of clause is reasonable and identification clause based on the comma is feasible.

The authors introduce equivalent antipodes at the receiver to transform the antipodal propagation to several equivalent point-to-point communication systems. Since many communication directions are permitted in the antipodal propagation, especially each of which carries on different propagation modes with respective time delay and received power, the channel experiences a strong characteristic of frequency selective fading. In order to strengthen the received power and increase the coherence bandwidth, an adaptive antenna array is applied in the transmitter with narrow beams spatially concentrating the transmission energy on the main path and suppressing the other multipath resulting in delay spread. Simulation results verify the efficiency of this proposal.

The effects of K₂CO₃ on combustion property and kinetics of different fraction coal samples were investigated with a non-isothermal thermogravimetry. The results show that K₂CO₃ can improve the combustibility of pulverized coal. When the optimum value of the K₂CO₃ loading is 15%, the ignition temperature of the lower density fraction decreases by 56.7 ℃ comparing with a medium density fraction decreasing by 30 ℃. The temperature of maximum rate decreases first and then increases with the load of K₂CO₃ increasing, but it is always lower than untreated coal. K₂CO₃ has more effect on coal sample with low density fraction than that with high density fraction under the best circumstance, because of high mineral content and low K⁺ iron in medium density fraction. Oxygen-transfer can explain the reason and K₂CO₃ reduce the apparent activated energy.

The connotation of rural green landscape was discussed. The purposes of integrated evaluation are to appropriately assess ecological, economic, aesthetic and cultural values of rural green landscape during rapid urbanization. Based on this, the model of integrative evaluation was constructed by Delphi and analytic hierarchy process, and applied to two urban-type villages, two suburban villages and two remote suburban villages in Wujin district, Changzhou City. The following results are obtained. The comprehensive assessment indexes of the three villages are“better”and the others are “ordinary”. Ecological and aesthetic values are the main factors in this evaluation. Remote suburban villages and suburban villages have the maximum and minimum comprehensive valuation value respectively. The mean value of ecological, economic and aesthetic values of green landscape in these three type villages is: remote suburban villages > urban-type villages > suburban villages. The mean value of cultural value is: urban-type villages >remote suburban villages > suburban villages. The four values of each village were evaluated and the main differences were aesthetic and cultural values. Furthermore, the reasons of evaluation results were analyzed and the advice for future rural greening was given.

The authors propose a method of using transmit narrow-beam to spatially concentrate the radiation energy on dominant path and suppress undesired paths in the shortwave communication. Based on the time-variant double layers & plane valley electron density profile, the theoretical analysis of narrow-beam channel characteristics is conducted. Under the mid-latitude mid-range communication, the calculations of channel parameters are taken for different number of transmit antennas at different time and the serving region size is calculated for certain narrow beam. Both the theoretical study and the calculation results show that the gain of the power ratio of dominant path to the others and the coherence bandwidth can be dramatically increased in the shortwave communication with narrow-beam.

The authors explain a double layers and plane valley electron density profile The coherence bandwidth of shortwave channel is calculated by using the density profile and wave propagation features in ionosphere Finally, coherence bandwidths for different operating frequencies and ground distances are obtained Because the double layers and plane valley model can analyze more exactly the multipath components and their path losses, it can obtain coherence bandwidths more closely to the measured values than those of the single layer model

Wind loading on the roof of a large hangar was investigated by wind tunnel simulation. Results show that under certain wind directions a conical vortex or a pair of conical vortex appears above the roof. The strong peak local negative pressure induced by the conical vortex is the main reason for the destruction on the roof and the parapet may reduce the pressure on the roof. The characteristic of time-mean and fluctuating pressure and their relationship were analyzed. The large difference between the value of fluctuating pressure obtained by the tests and that calculated by the code were discussed.

Li-ion battery management system was designed to guarantee the safe operation of the battery system during the charging and discharging process. Battery voltage, temperature and current could be detected precisely with special hardware. Raw data and results of electric motor were discussed and analyzed. The system was endured for 5thousandkm in real usage.

Star-shaped dendritic PbS nanocrystals have been synthesized by the reaction of lead acetate and thioacetamide in the presence of CTAB through a hydrothermal process at 80 ℃ for 5 h. XRD, TEM, SAED, SEM were used to characterize the products. The results show that the products were star-shaped dendritic PbS single crystals in cubic phase, and the six arms of the star extended along the six <100> directions. It has been found that the presence of the CTAB and the release rate of S^2- ions from the sulfur sources are crucial for the formation of the star-shaped dendritic PbS crystals.